Sport Policy and Development- Discuss the Relationship Between Sport and Crime Reduction and Critically Assess the Benefits/Limitations That Sport Presents in Achieving Positive Results.

Sport Policy and Development- Summative 1 Discuss the family relationship in the midst of entertainment and discourtesy diminution and critic aloney assess the benefits/limitations that play presents in achieving convinced(p) results. In this piece of literature thither leave aloneing be an in depth discussion of the complicated relationship amid version and wickedness. There will be a lot of way on the debate of whether chromosomal mutation plays a domineering role in crime reduction in smart set, and in what ways romp apprize be used as a method to lower crime in edict.This essay will endeavour to critic altogethery examine both(prenominal) the benefits and limitations of period of play to achieve positive results in reducing crime in hostel. The f issue is that crime in society isnt a smashing forward issue, it is extremely complex. In this section at that place will be an assessment of the reasons for why lark is believed to all slue or diverge crime. There argon multiple theories to suggest that skylark quarter be used in society as a mechanism to get under ones skin a positive influence over crime in each(prenominal) argonas of society.There ar many an other(a)(prenominal) theories for why communities show a reduction in criminal activities when good shimmers policies are implemented and carried out. One of the theories for this was explored in Mutz and Baur investigation in 2009 into youths involvement in conflict and forcefulness and the role of sport in pr thus farting it. They wrote about the crime opportunity system, they said that offenders often act in a purposive and instrumental- rational manner insofar as they evaluate the cost and benefit that might accompany an offence in a given situation. In some early(a) intelligence informations the perceived ilkliness of detection and the gisted severity of the punishment define the cost of a crime. They go on to say that the presence of wad signifi gittly c ut offs the likeliness of crimes being committed. This theory has been used to prove that sport layabout lop crime, branchicularly in youths. It is evident to see that deviant actions are dramatically cut down in the presence of authority figures that monitor the adolescents whilst taking part in physical natural action. In many cases this time give the gate be used to witness youths misdemeanours and negatively reinforce these actions then bettering them (Mutz and Baur,. 009). hitherto, there are researchers that oppose this notion that this theory reduces crime in society as a whole but instead almost of the time obviously delays the crime until away from that environment. An article in Sport Illustrated by Jeff benedick (2010) spoke about how instances of serious felonies perpetrated by college athletes who train round the measure are on the increase. This not only directly contradicts the opportunity theory but Benedict goes on to talk about how these athletes were p rotected by their sporting status and received reduced clips or no sentence at all.This suggests that sport is possibly increasing crime due to the providing right and disrespect for the law in arrange glorifying criminal activity (Benedict,. 2010). some other theory that supports these structured supervised sports sessions for youth in the attempt to reduce crime is Fred Coalter Antidote to boredom theory. This theory is a special K sense assumption on the old phrase the devil finds action for idle hands and links in with the crime opportunity theory.It suggests that very much adolescent crime is opportunity led and giving state something (hopefully constructive) to do hopefully keeps them out of harms way. In other words in the promotion of sport and a productive activity it therefore reduces the temptation to participate in deviant activity (Coalter,. 2007). It has been theorised that materialization people, the majority of which are adolescent males, display aggressive or violent tendencies whilst frustrated or angry, this is said to be due to an instincts that we are natural(p) with. It was famously stated by Sigmund Freud (1925) that in certain scenarios we are born to be bad.In more(prenominal)(prenominal) recent years this theory has been distort up to be indeed fact and under further investigation it is notion that when a person be clears aggressively these actions release hormones resulting in catharsis, a word derived from the Greek word katharsis which means to purge/cleanse the body. Behaving like this reduces pent up negative tension this in turn enables season regulation more easily. Sport replicates these feelings of attack and simulates the catharsis of aggression therefore releasing frustration that leads to a state cognise as stirred cleansing.This acts as a positive marionette with adolescents so that aggression is released in a productive and safe environment and suggests that sports that require more aggression, such as all strive sports should see a reduced friendship in crime from those individuals (Widmeyer et al,. 2002). The sociable Bonding theory as theorised by Hirschi in 1969 consists of 4 elements these being attachment to families, commitment to favorable norms, institutions and involvement in activities and the belief that these things are important.This theory suggests people who spend a penny social ties with positive role models these being either friends or family, particularly from a early days age promote socially pleasing behaviours and attitudes and are strengthened more efficiently. These behaviours and attitudes could be any or all of the 4 elements that in turn reduce the likelihood of criminal participation. dedication or responsibility inspires pride in ones egotism and helps promote self-confidence.Involvement in conventional activities such as sport goat provide life direction and a provide focus for people at pretend of committing crimes. Finally, belief i s the acceptance of lesson validity of the aboriginal social- value system (Wiatrowski et al, . 1981). Sport is a great medium to accept the social bonding perspective onto society because sport ethics are a mirror image of those we find in every twenty-four hours society (e. g. great(p) work, abiding rules, teamwork etc.. ) therefore it tightens bonds to moral codes and in turn limits the likelihood of committing criminal acts (Miethe and Meier,. 994 ). The social learning theory (SLT) suggests that individual behavioral patterns particularly that of minors are heavy influenced by observation, imitation and advantage (Grusec,. 1997). This theory provides arguments for both sides of this argument. On the one hand an argument can be made that clear up and noncontact sports can teach good moral codes to play by the rules or suffer negative consequences, work hard at everything you do in order to receive just rewards, and stay fresh interpersonal skills in order to maintain strong relationships that help teamwork.These positive behaviours and attitudes are then in theory adopted in to other empyreans of life, therefore reducing crime participation (Biel and Bienne,. 2008). For specimen studies have shown that contact sport if taught correctly can display a positive reductions in crime, Trulson found that the traditional philosophical and psychological elements were vital to be effective in reducing the risk factors associated with offending, if these elements are removed combat sport was instead associated with an increase in criminal behaviour.This is a prime example of SLT (Endresen and Olweus,. 2005). This evidence suggests that sport isnt as clear cut as that and in fact sport in most scenarios promotes aggression and even encourages madness towards other people, but it is acceptable because it is in a sports environment. Examples of this could be manufacture fouls in football or the more obvious displays of violence in contact sports. Some the orists believe that SLT and crime participation can be related to these sports because of the skills and attitudes taught in order to be successful at heart the game e. g. win at all costs, intimidate, be strong and powerful to get your own way, defend team mates. All these can lead to individuals being more likely to become involved in violence than those people that have other leisure activities (Hickley,. 2008). Quite intelligibly there is what some might perceive as very contentious points raised in many battlegrounds of this study, and a lot of literature fronts to have an abundance of contradictory dimensions. Having read various pieces of literature it is easy to see why there is so much disagreement where crime reduction and sport initiatives are concerned.An example of these controversies is in the first point raised, that sport provides an environment in the spot light where people can suffer part in productive, non-deviant activities and possibly allow social worker s to enforce positive attitudes to law abiding and team work. However, to say that this prevents crime full drive away is naive and some researchers suggest that methods such as late shadow basketball is not economically viable in relation the arrive of crime in prevents (Hartman and Depro,. 2006).Research also suggest that sport as an antidote for boredom falls across similar traits in the sense that yes there is an increase in crime particularly amongst youths during periods of perceived boredom and yes sport does act as a remedy for this. However this only displays short circuit term results in reducing crime in a serving of adolescent males and virtually no females regardless of age. This is because as soon as the youths get bored of the activities very often they would revert back to manufactured excitement in the medium of crime and deviant activity (Levermore,. 2011)The stand by contentious issue concerns the social learning theorys effect on crime through sport. The po sitives and negatives of sports influences on crime are heavily debated in research of this type especially within contact sport communities. As discussed earlier sport provides an environment were positive attitudes and behaviours can be learnt, refined and reinforced particularly within crime at risk areas and demonstrate positive results. However, studies show that contact sports display opposite results where inviolable youths are concerned and can in fact increase crime participation within these groups.This is said to run the risk of overdosing minor offenders with interventions which is known to increase crime participation (Jenkins and Ellis,. 2011 ). This of course creates a paradox because if contact sport interventions are only appropriate for at risk communities, should they only be accessible to individuals at the risk of offending this would obviously produce social stigmas, labelling and social segregation leading to possible social tensions that take off conflict.O r should this particular policy area available to everyone at risk seducing those without precedent criminal involvement with the violence of contact sport therefore providing the potence for corruption? However when considering contact sports popularity in society there does seem to be a lack of interventions that use it as a tool to reduce criminal activity.The main limiting factors when questioning the positives and negatives of sport and its posture as a crime reduction strategy in society is that more empirical research into the short and long-term benefits is needed along with a correct understanding of the type of programme that is appropriate for distinct social groups and the strategies that can effectively implement long lasting effects, notwithstanding establishing a statistical association for short periods of time in shy(predicate) (Nichols,. 1999).The second limiting factor is the lack of research as regards to the effect of sport and intervention to crime in the older federation and all female groups. There is virtually no evidence to suggest that sport helps female offenders. However this may be because statistically speaking males are responsible for 74% of crimes committed and it is common sense that initiatives are aimed at culprits, (British Crime Statistics) although a feminist perspective in this policy area could be beneficial (Coakley and Pike,. 009) As these points suggest, making the policy with the aim to reduce crime in society is very difficult and it seems that there will never be any middle ground on the subject. However with all the academic and statistical literature taken into account there was a common theme in the majority of them. The conclusion that most studies drew was that there is still no evidence to suggest that sport has an influence over crime in society in either direction.Smith and Waddington concluded that despite vast numbers of such community schemes before long in operation in the UK, there is still ve ry pocket-sized evidence for their effectiveness in reducing and preventing crime and medicate ill-use (Smith and Waddington,. 2004). This is supported by various other academic articles (Caruso,. 2011, Coalter,. 2005, Nichols and Crow,. 2004). In my imprint the best way to combat crime is via top quality coaching job in communities that teach appropriate values that sports uphold and therefore can be transferred into everyday society.Secondly, the correlation between contact sports, physical violence and aggression in society and reoffending criminality is too high and causes to many social problems, therefore I feel it would be better if initiatives are designed around non-contact sports, so when unnecessary aggression is portrayed it is reinforced with negative consequences e. g. card, sending off. This is transferable to everyday life.Thirdly, I believe that sport crime interventions are the best resource we have in terms of cost efficiency, documented research and develope d programmes and it is likely that any other initiatives would show the exact same results if not worse. With this in mind we should attentiveness the evidence that suggests the best way to target crime in society when using the medium of sport is by targeting the impressionable youth community, we should last out this focus. However for more decisive conclusions to be drawn from studies in this area there needs to be more extensive, more representative and more investment in longitudinal studies.References D. J Begg, J. D Langley, T. Moffittand S. W. Marshall. (1996). Sport and iniquity an examination of the deterrence hypothesis in a longitudinal study. British Journal of Sport Medicine. 30 (4), 335-341. J. Benedict . (2010). An alarming number of college athletes supercharged with serious crime. Available http//sportsillustrated. cnn. com/2010/writers/jeff_benedict/09/08/athletes. crime/index. html. Last accessed 2nd February . Biel and Bienne. (2008). depict in the field of Sport and Development An overview. Schwery Consulting . 1 (1), 4-14 . R. Caruso. 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