Anthropological Observations

Tyler Adams Anthropology 2 17th November 2012 Research Paper Outline I. Introduction A. The purpose of this paper is to observe and understand the behaviors and aspects of culture in Starbuck’s Coffee. B. To evaluate this problem I used participant observation, analyzing and observing people without bias while participating in the environment. In participant observation one must not make it known that he or she is analyzing people so as not to change their behaviors, one must also be sure to remain unbiased throughout the process. C.I argue that there are several different motives for going to Starbuck’s but it is a central meeting place for cultures to interact and enjoy. D. The following paper will provide examples and proof that I found in my research about this situation and includes facts I observed at Starbuck’s Coffee. II. One factor about the problem: A. How many people were there at different times? B. Plenty of different sizes of groups came into Starbu ck’s. C. Conviviality in Catalina III. Another factor of the problem: A. What are the different subjects people are discussing?B. Studying, tests, research, social life, sports games, politics. C. Citation for 2nd factor IV. Another factor of the problem: A. What are the functionalities of Starbuck’s besides food and drink? B. Social gathering, studying, meeting new people. C. Citation for 3rd factor V. Conclusions A. I conclude that Starbuck’s Coffee is a central cultural meeting place where many people come for several different reasons, different amounts of people and different conversational subjects were present in the coffee shop at varying times.

Alexander Gavin’s Dilemma: Cultural Relativism and Business as Usual Essay

I. Viewpoint The viewpoint I am taking will be the writer of the letter himself, Alexander Gavin, since the matter at hand is a delicate one and Mr. Gavin is just asking the professor for his thoughts on the matter at hand. II. Statement of the Problem The central problem of the case is if Mr. Gavin should accept the deal which includes his cut or to find another way for the project to push through without involving himself. III. Objectives To be able to push through with the project and close the deal no matter what since this opportunity is highly profitable to the company. IV. Areas of Consideration a. Alexander Gavin and his direct boss, the Senior VP for urban projects, are both Americans. b. The construction company they are working for deals with major projects in the Middle East. c. The project with Ajax, Ltd. is highly profitable to their company. d. Pay-offs are common in the Middle East. V. Alternative Courses of Action From Alexander Gavin’s point of view, there are four courses of action he could take: a. He can forward this dilemma to his superiors and wait for their decision. b. He can stick with his ethics and reject the proposal then wait for the consequences. c. He can contact the other managers of Ajax, Ltd. and inform them of the corruption and also to take legal action against  the manager who offered the deal to him. d. He can disregard his ethics and accept the offer given by the manager of Ajax, Ltd. VI. Conclusion and Recommendation The best solution for this ethical dilemma would be the fourth course of action for Alexander Gavin. As a Senior Product Manager of a prestigious construction company based on Kuwait, he must put the company’s interests first before his personal reasons. Also, considering that pay-offs are quite common in the Middle East, a 3 million increase from their initial bid is only a small fraction to the company’s expense considering the high profitability of the project. Additionally, taking into account the cultural norm of pay-offs, which the company would be aware of, and Alexander Gavin’s ethical beliefs. He could offer up his $1 million to the company as an extra or other income. That way, the project pushes through, the company highly profits and Alexander Gavin’s ethical beliefs would not be broken. Lucky Goldstar – Management, Korean Style I. Viewpoint The viewpoint I am taking would be that of Mr. P.W. Suh, the president of Goldstar of America plant. II. Statement of the Problem The key issue of the case is on how the Lucky-Goldstar Group, with its Korean style management, has affected the domestic electronics industry. Be it in a negative or positive way. III. Objectives a. To be able to identify if the effect on the domestic industry is positive or negative. IV. Areas of Consideration a. Korean management’s core value is harmony. b. Lucky-Goldstar took a gamble in manufacturing overseas. c. Integration of Korean management principles onto Dixie or Southern U.S. principles. d. Indicators of better growth than its U.S. counterparts. e. Speed of technological change. V. Case Questions a. The LG group has integrated its management style which influences its workers with harmony. Its methods which are borrowed from the U.S. would be the democratic approach to decision making and management. b. The LG group has started manufacturing in the U.S. to be able to avoid the protectionist rule which bars foreign products from entering from outside the country and also to gamble that they would be able to profit from this venture. c. It would have a positive impact on the domestic electronics industry because competition is always good for big companies. Competition is what motivates companies to be better than other companies. d. Their recent success can be best explained by economic and cultural factors. VI. Conclusion The Korean management style has positively affected the domestic electronics industry of the U.S. because of its strong competitive power in the market. Competition motivates companies. Its recent success can be explained because of economic and cultural factors. They allocated a huge budget on innovation which resulted in an edge in the  technological market. Korea’s economy has boomed ever since they started this economic move. Also, this venture generated a lot of job opportunities for the sector.

Early Childhood Education Essay

Throughout history there seems to be a trend that early childhood education was supplementary. Even today we still experience these similar issues. However there are a lot of other issues that come into play in early childhood education. Some issues that prevent children from learning are the child’s culture, learning disabilities, temperament, behavioral problems, and achievement gaps. We cannot control these issues from happening but we can adapt and cater to each child for some of these issues especially observing a child’s temperament. There are nine temperament traits that we should look for according to article 17 of the Annual Editions textbook. This is beneficial so that we can, â€Å"tailor our approach to each child’s cluster of temperament traits. As you tune into temperament, you are likely to become more successful in helping all children adjust to situations and persons in was that promote their social ease and competence. † (Annual Editions #17) Besides observing temperament, achievement gaps can come into play. â€Å"The achievement gap between poor and middle-class black and white children is widely recognized as our most important educational challenge. † (Achievement Gap handout) There are different types of gaps such as the reading gap, the conversation gap, the role model gap, and the health and housing gaps. â€Å"Young children of educated parents are read to more consistently and are encouraged to read more to themselves when they are older. † (Achievement Gap handout) When a child enters preschool or kindergarten, there is an achievement gap already with the reading level of middle and lower class children. This issue unfortunately affects the lower class children dramatically and this is only one of the different issues on the topic of achievement gaps. There are a few individuals that impacted early childhood education significantly and two of them are Maria Montessori and Jean Piaget. Maria Montessori still impacts early childhood education today and there are still Montessori schools all over the world. Montessori was the first woman in Italy to earn a degree in medicine. Her first intention was the study diseases in children but later on became a strong influence in early childhood education. She became so popular at one point she was opening up Montessori schools all over the world and touring as well. Montessori has five principles to her theory. The 1st principle in her theory is having respect for the child. According to the handout on Montessori, â€Å"children are unique individuals† where teachers must respect each child for their differences. The 2nd principle is known as the absorbent mind, the belief that a teacher should not teach them because children can learn on their own instead. This principle is categorized into three stages ranging in ages. From birth to three year old, the child develops their senses from the environment around them. By age three to six years old, the child’s senses are sharpen as they learn more about the world around them. The 3rd principle is known as sensitive periods, when the teacher must step back and be observant of each child in the classroom. When a teacher feels that a student is sensitive to a certain skill then they can learn it. It is time for the teacher to introduce this task. There would be many opportunities afterwards where the child can practice this new task till it is perfected. Finally, the 4th principle is the prepared environment where children can be comfortable and learn best in. The teacher must customize the classroom for children. It is fit to be more convenient for the child to do things for themselves. The goal is to get the child must be independent and to take advantage of the freedom around them. The child will learn to rely less on their teacher but more on themselves. This idea is strongly emphasized in the classroom because Montessori believed that the education should be child centered rather than teacher centered. Even though a school may not be officially be a Montessori school you can find a few ideas that were influenced by her. The prepared environment and respect for the children are definitely things you see at any good school or program. Moving onto the second individual, Jean Piaget was a Swiss philosopher and natural scientist that is famous for his theory of human intellectual development. His theory has four stages of development. The first stage is the Sensori-Motor Stage, which occurs mostly around the age 0 to 2 years old. This stage, â€Å"child relies on touching, feeling, and using his senses to find out about the world. †(Handout on Piaget) The second stage is the Preoperational Stage, which occurs mostly from 2 to 7 years old. During this stage, â€Å"the child still relies on using the senses, but is increasingly able to use language and words to represent things not visible. †(Handout on Piaget) The third stage is the Concrete Operations Stage, which occurs usually around 7 to 11 years old. At this point â€Å"the child is developing the concepts of number, relationships, processes, and more. He is becoming able to think problems through mentally, though still in terms of concrete or real objects rather than in abstractions. † (Handout on Piaget) The fourth stage is the Formal Operations Stage, which happens when the child is 11 years old and older. â€Å"The child is able to proceed a step further; he can now mentally think in terms of concepts and abstractions, rather relying on concrete or real objects. †(Handout on Piaget) There are other good ideas used in classrooms today. These ideas are taken from Piaget’s theories on how children and grow and learn. According to this extraordinary scholar, all children have the curiosity to learn about themselves and the world. If children are stimulated and found the skill interesting then they will learn. Piaget also strongly believed that when teachers provide the material then children are eager to learn. Even today these theories offer guidance for teachers to find different methods to inspire children to learn especially at a young age. Developmentally Appropriate Practice, also known as DAP, is a widely used practice for teachers working with children. In 1987, â€Å"the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) published a widely used position statement about developmentally appropriate practices for serving young children from birth to age 8 in early childhood programs. †(Handout of Early Childhood Programs) However in â€Å"1997 the NAEYC revised the Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs, clarifying the misunderstandings and misinterpretations that arose from a decade of extensive dissemination of the original position statement. There are three dimensions in Developmentally Appropriate Practices and they are age appropriateness, individual appropriateness, and cultural appropriateness. There are numerous ways that they are demonstrated in a pre-K program. Age appropriateness is a common characteristic that is seen in most pre-K programs. â€Å"Developmentally appropriate practice suggests that teachers should not attempt to direct or tightly structure learning experiences and that formal academic instruction at the preschool level should not occur. † (Handout on Early Childhood Programs) Another example is with cultural appropriateness, especially when it has to deal with holidays. Most pre-K programs, unless it’s a non-secular school, go over different holidays and mention which cultures celebrate which particular holiday such as Christmas, Hanukkah and Kwanza. As young children learn about themselves and the world in school, literacy is constantly being exposed and is developing in their minds. It is important that their literacy is developing in their young lives because this also increases their vocabulary and grammar skills. As teachers read aloud to them and provide activities for children, early literacy is expanding their knowledge. Once this is evident, teachers can be on the look out for certain behaviors in children. This allows them to know that children are ready to learn how to read. There are four behaviors to identify and they are handling books, looking and recognizing, comprehending pictures and stories, and reading stories. Other characteristics that occur in children are their loose teeth are falling out as well as putting their arm over the head and being able to touch the ear. (class lecture) Today there are programs that are supporting early literacy for young children. In the film Foundations of Reading and Writing, it stressed how reading should not be taught too early. Alternatively, literacy can be taught in creative ways. In the film, several teachers believed that activities is beneficial for children and will promote early literacy. Block playing and painting are a few examples of activities that help children recognize shapes and colors. This simple activity can assist children to start recognizing letters and putting it in a certain order to create words, such as their name. It is up to us as teachers to promote early literacy and to enhance this development.

The influence of the 2008 Olympics to China's sports tourism industry Essay

The influence of the 2008 Olympics to China's sports tourism industry - Essay Example sports facilities, an Olympic Park was built by the country with collaboration of foreign architects that will keep on contributing to local public for coming years. In addition, in order to host the sporting events in an efficient manner, more than thirty stadiums were constructed in Beijing alone, along with tens of Olympic venues in other Chinese cities. Beijing was reborn in a cultural and historical manner, as more than twenty historical sites of Beijing city were renovated. Another major sector that benefited from 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is tourism industry of China that influenced rapidly from this international multi-sport event. According to some statistics, more than 650,000 tourists visited the country from different countries before, during, as well as, after the Olympic Games until the year 2008. It is observed that this mega sporting-event has been able to transform the Beijing city into a high-tech and environmental-friendly city, and allowed China to prove itself a s one of the global powers of the globe. Since antiquity, sport has always been a significant and thrilling event that has played a vital role in the creation and development of sporting industry around the globe. History of Olympics goes back to 776 BC when ancient Greeks used to organize different athletic competitions in various cities of Ancient Greece. In present era, both summer and winter games are now organized under the banner of an international sport event that is referred as the Olympic Games. It is observed that Olympic is not only responsible for the development of sporting industry; however, it plays a pivotal role in the development and advancement of different sectors of the hosting countries. In order to understand the influence of Olympics on its hosting country, this paper will focus on the 2008 Olympic that was held in Beijing, China from August 08, 2008 to August 24, 2008. Its different effects will be discussed and analyzed with relation to the study of

Introduction to Business Law - Acts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Business Law - Acts - Essay Example The Comstock Act of 1890, named after its chief proponent Anthony Comstock, was enacted to safeguard the society's moral fiber, aimed at safeguarding American society against the destructive effects of "obscene, lewd, and lascivious" books. Upon its enactment, it made it illegal to "selloffer to sell, or to lend, or to give away, or in any manner to exhibit, or shall otherwise publish or offer to publish in any manner an obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, or other representation of article of an immoral nature" (Comstock Law 1873). Despite its good intentions, which was meant to target pornography and birth control, which was considered immoral at the time, the act unknowingly, due to the lack of sophisticated understanding regarding artistic forms of expression, became a notorious censorship tool, prohibiting works of art and literature as well. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, on the other hand, named after Senator John Sherman, was enacted to safeguard the country's economy against the monopolistic interests of large business owners and corporations, who controlled most of the economic means during the time.

CCTV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CCTV - Essay Example For example, CCTV surveillance cameras have been installed in areas such as car parks in order to reduce rate of crime. CCTV was developed through a relationship between photographic image and crime control, which is deeply rooted since the birth of photography. In fact, the initial photographic technique considered commercially viable was into Paris, and it was patented in 1839. Furthermore, by 1840 this photographic technique has gained the potentiality, through which criminal classes could be identified and documented. Therefore, CCTV has been very effective in the process of targeting vehicle crime in various car park schemes. On the other hand, there are other different fictions that taken by use of CCTV to reduce crime (Welsh and Farrington, 2). Moreover, ideas presented in this research are aimed at supporting use of CCTV in order to improve the level of security in private and public settings. Apparently, ideas presented in this paper support future use of CCTV schemes, throu gh application of high-quality evaluation design based on a long follow-up duration (Welsh and Farrington, 2). ... Furthermore, use of CCTV for crime prevention increases probability of detection, thereby promoting usage of various facilities by public without fear (Rose, 127). On the other hand, CCTV encourages people to take security precautions due to increased potentiality of becoming victims. In addition, CCTV offers a way of encouraging direct intervention of law enforcement officers and the security personnel in the process of preventing crime. There is also a possibility that CCTV can increase signal enhancement in various regions, which can result to increase of community pride, cohesion among members of community, thereby informing the social control (Rose, 127). Actually, CCTV has led to increased expansion of surveillance the resent years, and this is aimed at responding to the increasing anxieties regarding crime and the treat to security and safety. In this case, this has led to deployment of a significant number of surveillance cameras in different public areas such as transport in frastructures (i.e. airports, subways), shopping malls, sport arenas, and residential streets. Besides, this has been serving as a tool of reducing crime and risk management. Traditional visual surveillance system depends on human operators, who monitor activities in order to determine actions that should be undertaken in dealing with a situation where an incident has occurred (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 2). In this case, CCTV can be used in the process of tracking targets that are suspicious using different cameras and informing necessary agencies to areas of concern. On the other hand, there are cases which may be miss-detected using manual systems, and these results from inherent limitations associated with deployment of sole human operators

Men--Its in their nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Men--Its in their nature - Essay Example Conversely, women had a tendency to to be watchful so that they could preserve, maintain, care and nurture their families. Men seem to be risk takers be it professionally or romantically and even in the recreational events, they take part in (Roeser 1039). This goes to explain why it is mostly men that are involved in extreme sports such as car racing, sky diving, rock climbing, just to name a few. It is very common to see men as the centre point of uploaded videos that show, for the lack of a better word, stupid stunts such as car surfing. Exactly as the name describes, it involves a driver climbing and then standing on top of a car as it is being driven and of course not to forgetting to mention the antics displayed on the hilarious but painful to watch two jackass movies. Many men have reported that they generally take risks because it is fun, and this explains why they will be involved in risky past time behaviors. This does not imply that women do not have fun as well, but their idea of fun is less risky. It is also common to observe a man racing his car against a fellow driver on the road, not because it is a rally event but simply because they want to show off or protect their ego (Roeser, 1040). When a male driver is overtaken by another car on the road, chances are that he will step on the accelerator and try to reclaim his glory by overtaking the said driver. This in turn ends up as cycle that will only come to an end when one of the drivers concedes defeat or has to go his separate way. As weird and ridiculous as it may sound, risk taking is a part of men’s way of impressing women. In the presence of a woman, a man who is say, involved in a sport will perform a riskier stunt to show off and impress the ladies. When they know that women are watching, men tend to take up more risky behavior than they normally would. In addition, it is in the nature of men to be polygamous, that every man is unfaithful or will be at some point in his life despite how good he seems. Over the years, it seems like it has been the norm, marriages breaking up due to infidelity. It would be unfair to make it seem as if women are always the victims but statistics show that more men than women tend to stray in relationships. Many reasons have been given as to why this is the case, with some dating as far as the biblical times. During the earlier centuries, before Christ that is, men had more than one wife and it was widely accepted. A famous case is of King Solomon, who had more than seven hundred wives and one thousand concubines. How does one man handle all these women? Even in Africa, many households still embrace polygamy. It is only recently that men have started to shed the one man, many wives attire. Nowadays, after moving from the polygamy scenario, it seems that most men are now taking up unfaithfulness. Many times the statement that men are unfaithful by nature has been used, that they are like animals and will stray, although, it would b e unfair to generalize that all men are unfaithful. It is important to consider that there are natural reasons or some genetic coding that makes a man lust after more than one woman. Furthermore, men are by nature sexual creatures who are easily visually stimulated, thus man might be happily married or in a relationship,

Creation and Development of New Firms Assignment

Creation and Development of New Firms - Assignment Example Side by side, the trouble of poverty also became highlighted in these emerging economies of the entire world. However, in order to recover from such distressful state, most of the countries, especially the emerging or developing countries are reliant on economic liberalization. Due to such economic shift, most of the emerging economies and the firms of recent age are entirely responsible for economic recovery of the world (Yalcin & Kapu, 2008, p. 32). Due to which, most of these firms offered high concentration over the development of the entrepreneurship programs. Therefore, the importance of entrepreneurship program is highlighted in this assignment and it also focuses on five significant areas: Creation and development of new firms Success rates of entrepreneurial activities Global entrepreneurship in developing economies Degree of risks or safety of entrepreneurial programs Present entrepreneurs and innovative technology Creation and Development of New Firms In recent age, the em erging economies of the world are always trying to develop large number of new firms so as to improve their financial condition. Along with this, it also helps in improving the profit margin and revenue of the firms might also be improved. It also helps in enhancement of the employment rates resulting in upliftment of the living standards of the citizens of the economies. As a result, the reputation of the developing economy increases to a certain extent among other neighboring ones in the entire world. For the above reasons, the rate of entrepreneurship is increasing day by day and thereby improving the prospects of the firms and the employees as well. This is mainly because, the entrepreneurs of recent age are extremely talented and intelligent and comprise of excellent management and leadership skills that are extremely essential to control and operate any business firm or organization in this competitive age. As a result, the level of interaction among the employees and the mana gement is extremely high resulting in invention of varied types of new ideas and facts that might result in betterment of the organization (Yalcin & Kapu, 2008, p. 31). So, the prospect of the entrepreneurship has been increasing and it is resulting in amplification of the rate of development of new firms in the emerging economies. Success Rates of Entrepreneurial Activities As the entrepreneurs of recent age always try to develop and introduce new ideas and information for the betterment of the firm. This is done only after analyzing the situation and the strengths and weaknesses of the firm. By doing so, an entrepreneur might attain get a better analysis of the essential requirements of the firm. On the basis of that, the entrepreneur might develop the plans and the strategies that might lead to its betterment. Along with this, after the plans are finalized, the goals and objectives are also developed after consulting with the other employees of the firm. Then, to attain such obje ctives, the innovative skills and talents as well as equipments are introduced within the employees of the organization. Therefore, with the coordinated efforts of the employees, equipments and management, the objectives might be surely achieved resulting in success of the organization. Due to which, the working condition of the organization improved resulting in enhancement of the rate of devotion of the employees towards work. This is the

Business plan - (investment) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business plan - (investment) - Coursework Example Investments are usually done from the closing balance of cash flows and not from the surplus or deficit that is incurred in the financial year. In this firm three scenarios are given and the cash flow results of two financial years are given on the basis of which investments are prepared. The items on the cash flow statement  that information the collective transform in an organization’s cash situation resulting from any profits or losses from savings in the operating subsidiaries and financial markets, and changes ensuing from  values spent on savings in capital assets for instance plant and equipment. Cash Flow statements have most fundamental information’s for depositor’s who are examining the financial report of the organization with savings objectives. Cash Flow Statements Analysis for Investment Objectives. 2010. Investment Blogger. [Online] Available at [Accessed 29 Nov.

Hacking, Defense Against DoS Attack Essay Example for Free

Hacking, Defense Against DoS Attack Essay A DDoS attack against the Universities Registration System Server (RSS) by infected computers (Bots) located in the University Computer Labs (see diagram) resulted in shutting down access to the RSS system. Orchestrated and controlled by a central controller these Bots established web connections (HTTP protocol) to the RSS using up all available bandwidth. Doing so prevented other users from accessing the Web site/server for legitimate traffic during the attack. This is considered a Consumption of Resources attack using up all the resources of RSS bandwidth. This summary will address measure to counter this type of DoS attack. (Specht, S. M. , Lee, R. B. (2004)) Measures to counter a DoS attack can be broken down into two types; In-Depth Defense and Countermeasures. Devices such as Routers and Proxy Firewalls are designed to protect against attacks from outside not inside the protective boundaries of the University’s network. The use of up-to-date antivirus software on all network computers, an Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) to monitor network traffic, and a host-based IDPS (local computer firewall) are recommended. Training of computer users and Information Technology (IT) personnel that manage computer services on the University network is critical to counter such attacks. Disaster Recovery procedures and/or Checklists need to be created and followed by IT staff during the attack phase. Using the concept of In-Depth Defense includes the following; Principle of Least Privilege, Bandwidth Limitation, and Effective Patch Management (EPM). To reduce risk of attack the use of Microsoft’s Active Directory (AD) Rights Management (RM) to assign users the least amount of privileges necessary to operate on the network. This would prevent rogue (Virus or Trojan) software installations that could lead to Bot compromises and DDoS attacks. Limiting the bandwidth or setting bandwidth caps could help to reduce the effects of DDoS attacks by reducing the amount of data any single computer can use. Much like how Internet Service Providers (ISPs) limit the amount of traffic by any one customer to access the Internet. The use of automated patch management, Microsoft’s System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) to keep computers properly updated and patched is essential. EPM reduces the risk of attacks by reducing the vulnerabilities due to know weaknesses in applications and Operating Systems (OSs). A centrally managed Host Based IDPS or Host Based Security System LOT2_Task1. docx (HBSS) to audit and report on computer systems helps defend against known attacks. HBSS allows the management of local computer firewall configurations to identify and possibly shut down infected computers during an attack. The use of AD, SCCM, and HBSS combine to reduce the likelihood of an attack and provide valuable information during the attack and post-attack phases. Countermeasures to internal network DDoS attacks consist of detection, neutralization, prevention of additional attacks, deflection, and post-attack forensics. In the current network design an IDPS can alert network administrators of potential problem detection and block signature based (known) attacks to help in the mitigation process. Use of HBSS and Network IDPS allows administrators to shut down services during an attack to neutralize attacks. The capture of Traffic Patterns stored during DDoS attacks can be used for forensic analyzes post-attack. Load Balancing increases incoming traffic levels during peak hours of operations and during DDoS attacks. Proper configuration of load balancing of network devices, services, and servers will reduce effects of a DDoS attack. (Householder, A. , Manion, A. , Pesante, L. , Weaver, G. , Thomas, R. (2001)) Documentation of these processes provides effective lessons learned and should be the basis of future response procedures. Identifying Bot computers as quickly as possible and removing them from the network is an effective response to DDoS attacks. Once removed from the network the Bot application can be removed from the computer. If removal is not possible or effective a baseline installation of the Operating System is required. With the use of In- Depth Defense and Countermeasures DDoS damage can be significantly reduced. Defensive steps include; user account best practices, effective application patching process, current virus definitions usage, properly configured host-based firewall rules, active network scans for anomalies by IDPS are effective tools against DDoS. Identifying, shutting down, and preventing additional outbreaks of infected computers best practices must be documented. Education of Users and IT staff helps to reduce the root causes of DDoS attacks by reducing Bots infections. Tools such as AD, SCCM, and IDS used properly can help detect and formulate an effect defense against these attacks. In-Depth Defense and Countermeasures used together to formulate an effect process when dealing with DDoS attacks.

Cash Flow Management and Forecasting | Case Study

Cash Flow Management and Forecasting | Case Study Cash flow management Cash flow management is the process of monitoring, analyzing and adjusting business’ cash flows[1]. â€Å"Cash is king† is the often heard business clichà ©, yet it is borne out of reality. It is monitoring of actual cash flows against the cash flow projections for the period, analyzing the reasons for variation and then implementing the necessary actions to manage business financials. Cash flow management is based on cash flow projections which is different than profit and loss account and, in times of cash shortage, may be more important (Oxford, 1997). Importance of preparing a cash flow forecast A cash flow forecast shows the projects in flows and out flows of cash in a business. It is an important tool in cash flow management as it helps to identify the gaps in cash over the projected period. Let’s look at the importance of cash flow forecast for different stakeholders Owner / investor. Cash flow forecast shows the maximum shortfall in cash during the projected period and gives idea about maximum capital funding is required. Banks / lenders. It helps in analysing the credit worthiness of the business and matches it with lenders’ appetite for risk. It also shows whether business will generate sufficient cash over time to meet repayments. Creditors. If business is not in a strong position, creditors like to see cash flow forecast to analyse whether to give stock on credit and under what terms. Cash flow forecast Annexure I shows the cash flow forecast for the year ending 31 Dec 2004. It shows minimum cash balance of  £0 in February 2004 and is based on the following assumptions: Sprint X is a high street sport shop with no sales on debtor accounts. All sales immediately result in cash in flows. The profits generated are small and hence company pays no tax. The projected bank balance on 31st Dec 2004 is  £26,500. This is because Sprint X has yet to make the stock payments of  £12,500 for December 04 as these are due in January 2004 only. Though the minimum balance is  £0 in February 2004, in reality it might be even lower. The intra-month cash position could be even worse because of the following: The above cash flow forecast of  £0 in February 2004 is based on month end. Monthly rent of  £2,500 for March is due on 1st March 2004. So the cash balance on 1st March 2004 could be as low as - £2,500. Payment terms and dates of utility providers and suppliers. Payment dates of bank charges. Advantages of using a spreadsheet for cash flow forecasting Spreadsheet software for personal computers is a powerful tool for cash flow forecasting. Its major advantages are: Arithmetic errors are virtually nonexistent (Horngren, Sundem Stratton, 1998) It is easier to operate and understand than using professional financial packages. Small business owners don’t need to understand financial jargon for building and updating cash flow forecasts. It reduces the tedium of carrying out repetitive calculations. If actual cash flows in a month are different from the projections, it would change the following month end cash flows. Spreadsheet model makes it much easier to update cash flow forecasts. Sensitivity analysis. Spreadsheet cash flow model also makes it more convenient in analysing the impact of variation in different sales and cost elements on the cash flows. Bankruptcy due to cash flow problems Sprint X could go bankrupt if runs out of cash to make payments to its creditors. Creditors can then take force Sprint X into liquidation. Sprint X has to order supplies before it can sell them and once it orders and receives deliveries, it is liable to pay whether or not it is successful in selling them. Based on the cash flow projections in Appendix I, John and Mary expanded the business with  £2,500 additional capital for rent payment on 1St March 2004. Suppose sales in both February and March 2004 are  £5,000 less than the budgeted amount. The cost of goods is 60% of sales on average (based on ratio of annual cost of goods to annual sales). Though the cash receipts are lower in February and March, the benefit of lower cash outflows would be seen in March and April only due to one month lag in credit payments. Appendix II shows the revised cash flow forecast. Sprint X has a negative cash of  £5,000 at the end of February 2004. Even after adding an initial capital inflow of  £2,500, the company is no cash to meet full supplier payments for February and rent on 1st March 2004. Under such scenario, both suppliers and landlord can take the company to liquidators. Even though the company may end year with more cash than initial capital inflow, yet its inability to tide through emergencies may force it into liquidation. Strategies for effectively controlling cash flow problems Regular entry of receipts and payments will keep the cash flow updated and will give owners sufficient time to take care of shortfalls, if any. Analysis of trends will help in taking timely decisions of cost cutting to reduce cash outflows or to plan for higher sales. Owners shouldn’t take out cash from the business based on single month’s net cash flows. The picture may be distorted due to one month delay in higher stock payments. They should look at the year end figures and maximum cash requirements before taking out any earnings. The company should establish a line of credit with a bank which will not only take care of maximum cash requirements but also leave some headroom for any emergencies. Owners should keep business account separate from personal accounts to get clear cash position of the business. Reconcile monthly bank statements for both deposits made and cheques drawn. Use of financial recording system to manage Sprint X’s business finances Sprint X should fortnightly look at the sales trends and plan future expenditure accordingly. Regularly updation of cash flow forecast based on the latest trends will help in planning for any shortfall in funding gap. It should also use financial recording system to keep a tab on inventory to prevent excess inventory build-up. This will prevent unnecessary goods write-off and losses. Trends in fashion change very fast and a good company should keep an eye on what is selling and what is just occupying shelf space and requiring unnecessary working capital. Appendix I – Sprint X’s cash flow forecast Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Receipts Invoiced sales 15,000 20,500 35,000 35,000 35,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 15,000 20,500 35,000 35,000 35,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 Payments Stock (3,000) (17,500) (17,500) (17,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) Telephone (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Electricity (1,500) (500) (500) (500) (500) (500) (500) (500) Rent (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) Wages (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,500) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) Bank loan (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (10,500) (26,000) (26,500) (25,500) (21,000) (20,500) (20,500) (21,500) (20,500) (20,500) (21,500) (20,500) (12,500) Net cash flow 4,500 (5,500) 8,500 9,500 14,000 (500) (500) (1,500) (500) (500) (1,500) (500) (12,500) Opening bank balance 1,000 5,500 0 8,500 18,000 32,000 31,500 31,000 29,500 29,000 28,500 27,000 26,500 Closing bank balance 5,500 0 8,500 18,000 32,000 31,500 31,000 29,500 29,000 28,500 27,000 26,500 14,000 Appendix II – Sprint X’s cash flow forecast with reduced Feb and Mar sales Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Receipts Invoiced sales 15,000 15,500 30,000 35,000 35,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 15,000 15,500 30,000 35,000 35,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 Payments Stock (3,000) (17,500) (14,500) (14,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) (12,500) Telephone (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Electricity (1,500) (500) (500) (500) (500) (500) (500) (500) Rent (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) (2,500) Wages (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,500) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) Bank loan (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (3,000) (10,500) (26,000) (23,500) (22,500) (21,000) (20,500) (20,500) (21,500) (20,500) (20,500) (21,500) (20,500) (12,500) Net cash flow 4,500 (10,500) 6,500 12,500 14,000 (500) (500) (1,500) (500) (500) (1,500) (500) (12,500) Opening bank balance 1,000 5,500 (5,000) 1,500 14,000 28,000 27,500 27,000 25,500 25,000 24,500 23,000 22,500 Closing bank balance 5,500 (5,000) 1,500 14,000 28,000 27,500 27,000 25,500 25,000 24,500 23,000 22,500 10,000 Bibliography Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L. Stratton, W.O.; â€Å"Introduction to management accounting†, Eleventh Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc., 1998 Oxford (1997); â€Å"Dictionary of Finance and Banking†, Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1997. [1] http://sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/management/g/cashflowmgt.htm

Development of the Quantity Surveying Role

Development of the Quantity Surveying Role The report within analyses and documents the historical development of the Quantity Surveying role from inception to modern day practice, the roles and responsibilities of the Professional Quantity Surveyor and Contractors Quantity Surveyor, along with the importance and relevance of key skills to the role of the QS. The Quantity Surveyor role was born in the United Kingdom, shortly after the birth of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1834, due to the fact that Architects wanted to distance themselves from the surveying profession. The report goes on to talk about the many reports published by The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), which identify the Quantity Surveying roles and how the future QS role will adapt to change. Both the Professional and Contractors QS have roles and responsibilities in the Pre-construction, Construction and Post-construction phases on any given construction project. Both sides have similar responsibilities during the pre-construction phase for example, each side will have a duty to carry out a form of estimation regarding the price of the works, which will require measurement/quantification. During Construction, the Contractors QS will be responsible for the day-to-day running of the project, including procuring subcontractors and submitting valuations to the client, whilst the Professional QS will be working with the client to ensure the Contractors QS valuations are factual and that they are certified in line with the contract terms. Post-construction activities on both sides would include activities such as Final Account procedures. Finally, the last section of the report details the six key skills required by a Quantity Surveyor in order for a successful career; Numeracy, Verbal Communication, Written Communication, ICT Skills, Problem Solving and Self-management. It is important that an aspiring Quantity Surveyor/Project Manager is continually developing these skills, as they will play a large part of their working careers for the rest of their lives. The purpose of this report is to write about the functions of the Quantity Surveyors and the roles each has within the Construction Industry. The team intends to accomplish the roles and responsibilities of the Quantity Surveyors (QS), Professional Quantity Surveyors (PQS), and Contractors Quantity Surveyors (CQS). The content of the report will consider the importance of key skills such as, Problem Solving, Numeracy, Self-Management, Written, and Verbal Communication and IT Skills. To accomplish this the team will meet up and communicate with each other, plus research the subjects for the report. All three team members will be involved with the evaluation of the report, once the report has a structure the team should meet-up to go over the order that each member will completing, after each of the members have finished the sections there should be another meet-up to check the work each as done and update the contents, once this is finished the report should be edited and completed. The resources for the report will come from the research in secondary published literature, and from sources based on the internet. 1.1 Introduction This qualitative team research report will analyse and make use of secondary published literature to discuss the fundamental roles and responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor. The report will highlight the key skills required to conduct the roles and responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor. Quantity Surveying is an occupation that dates back as far as the 17th Century in Britain, when construction enterprises were measured and valued after they were designed and built. The definition of a Quantity Surveyor according to the renowned author Seeley (1997, p. 40), whose work is well documented in many books that cover all aspects of Quantity Surveying, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A quantity surveyor is a professionally trained, qualified and experienced in dealing with these problems on behalf of the employer. He is essentially a cost expert whose prime task is to ensure that the project is kept within the agreed budget and that the employer obtains value for money. 1.2 Constraints or limitations on the work There have been several limitations on this report, the most important limitations being that the word count of the report has a maximum limit of 3000 words. Another was that group members did not always all come to the same conclusions, with differing opinions on subjects which could have led to opposing or contradicting views. Another constraint was that with it being a group task, on occasions there were individuals that were not able to meet due to busy lifestyles and other plans. Other instances of this was when work schedules clashed with meetings, or that long distances meant the meeting was unviable, or the venue for the meeting was too small for everyone to sit and engage. 1.3 Any assumptions made No assumptions have been made for the basis of this report. 2.1 Introduction This section will document and cover a brief history of the Construction industry, the inception of the QS role in the industry, the historical development of the QS, along with the roles and responsibilities of the QS on both the private and contractors side. 2.2 Historical development of the QS role The Construction Industry within the UK in the past was very different to the modern industry we know of today. The industry back then saw a Project Manager individually tender, procure and co-ordinate each discipline on site himself. However, the Napoleonic Wars of 1803 to 1815 would see the revolution of the Construction Industry in the United Kingdom. Cartlidge (2013) indicated that the government in power during the war were required to construct barracks to house the large amounts of soldiers that were to be crossing the English Channel. Due to time being of the essence, contracts were required to be let on settlement by fair valuation based on measurement after completion of the works. The many years that followed on from this saw the amount of projects in similar scenarios magnify, leading to the inception of the general contractor in the United Kingdom. The year of 1834 saw the birth of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). This professional association exclusively for architects, was formed on the basis that architects wished to distance themselves from surveyors and their perceived obnoxious commercvial interest in construction' (Cartlidge, 2013, p. 7). This in turn led to the inauguration of the Quantity Surveyor in the UK. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) report published in 1971 clearly defines the role of the Quantity Surveyor (RICS, 1971). The report seeks to acclaim the profession as specialists in the measurement and valuation of construction works (Perera, Pearson and Dodds, n.d.). The trio go on to state that the follow-up report also produced by the RICS, The Future Role of the Chartered Quantity Surveyor (RICS, 1983), identifies the skills and knowledge base of the QS while identifying the scope for expansion and diversification of services (Perera, Pearson and Dodds, n.d., p. 2). 2.3 The duties of the QS According to Willmott Dixon (2016), the duties of Quantity Surveyors are to carry out a feasibility study, advise on potential sites and working out what a client can afford to build. They will present detailed valuations on information of costs for elements of work on an intermittent basis to aid payment for those works carried out to date. They will be responsible for organising the division of a project into component work packages, and awarding these work packages to smaller, more specialised construction companies such as the subcontractors and, in that process, finding the best deals. They are also responsible for dealing with contracts and legal matters. Managing costs to ensure the initial budget is not surpassed. Arranging the staff payments and, settling the final accounts. Plus, act as the financial advisors while monitoring progress for the client. 2.3.1 The roles of the Professional Quantity Surveyor The Professional Quantity Surveyor (PQS), which is a quantity surveyor employed in private practice, has been prevalent in the Construction industry since the 1960s where cost planning services were introduced into their repertoire of duties in order to avoid tenders being returned over budget (Ashworth, Hogg and Higgs, 2013, p. 8). It is the PQS responsibility to give advice on all financial and contractual issues to all relevant parties, from pre-tender to completion of the project. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (1998) published a set of competencies, titled Table 1, in which the assessment of professional competence would be measured against. The competencies are split into three different categories; basic, core and optional. PQS would need to fundamentally prove that they meet these competencies in order to reach chartered status. 2.3.1.1 Pre-Construction The pre-construction roles and responsibilities would include functions such as initial budget setting with the client, quantification/measurement and possibly preparation of bills of quantities, dependant on the contract. The PQS would also have an input into the design stage of the project, and would work with the Project Manager (PM), architects/structural engineers and public authorities, as he/she would be involved from a very early stage. Following this, they would then work with the PM directly to give sound commercial advice to ensure the contract is awarded to the most favourable and most cost effective contractor. 2.3.1.2 Construction Phase During the Construction phase, the PQS would still be expected to analyse and provide cost/commercial advice to the PM where needed, but he would mainly be working with the Contractors QS now to ensure that monthly valuations are submitted and valued correctly. Not only this, he/she would be responsible for attending site to review the applications submitted to confirm the values applied for. The term for this generally is Cost Control. 2.3.1.3 Post-Construction After the Construction phase, has been completed, the PQS would endeavour to complete and settle the Final Account with the Contractor to ensure all monies, where due, are paid and all disputes settled. If its necessary, the PQS will also conduct and participate in arbitration or court proceedings to settle disputes that couldnt be resolved previously. Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (CIQS, 2016) 2.3.2 The roles of the Contractors Quantity Surveyor The Contractors QS is responsible for the performance of operations similar to those of the PQS, i.e., the measurement and pricing of construction work, utilising certain mechanisms for pricing such as Bill of Quantities. The Contractors QS handles the day to day running of the building/construction project. The construction programme is handled in three distinct sections. These are Pre-Construction, Construction Phase and Post-Construction. Within these phases the Contractors QS plays a major role. 2.3.2.1 Pre- Construction The Contractors QS will be required to carry out a Feasibility study for the project. They will also estimate the cost and whats involved in the project based on measurements of the designer or clients sketches. The Contractors QS can compare the project with historical projects that his/her company has completed, and potentially gain an insight into how much the build may cost. The final part of the phase will lead to the final detailed estimate which is prepared by the QS and the Architect of the project which will lead to the evaluating tenders. 2.3.2.2 Construction Phase The role of the Contractors QS will be to provide cash flow data so the client can start to arrange the finances needed to execute each stages of the project. They will also provide assessments on the cost effect so they can be ready for any changes that will appear during the Construction phase. During this time they can provide a project report. They can also manage disputes within the organisation (Clients, Designers and Building Contractors). 2.3.2.3 Post-Construction The Contractors QS will be preparing and carrying out Final Accounts with subcontractors that have worked on site, as well as preparing their Final Account submission to submit to the client. The QS will liaise with the site team to ensure that all snags/defects are carried out in a timely manner. Once the defects liability period has expired within the Main Contract, generally 12 months after practical completion, the QS will be responsible for releasing any retention monies owed to the subcontractors. 3.1 Numeracy Numeracy skills are one of the largest of the key skills within the QSs repertoire, as they assist with the majority of the tasks a Quantity Surveyor carries out. For example, a Quantity Surveyor would be required to carry out numerous calculations for tasks, such as when he/she is required to produce tender documentation, i.e., Bills of Quantities etc. Measurement, or Quantification, would also require extensive numerical knowledge, as the task of producing a Bill of Quantities would require the QS to measure quantities from a drawing and implement the measurements into a suitable method of measurement, such as SMM7 or NRM2. The QS would also require handy numeracy skills when producing a valuation, or application for payment, as he/she will need to devise a document that can be used to apply for monies against particular activities, which would generally be against an Activity Schedule. 3.2 Verbal communication Verbal communication is a very important skill for the Quantity Surveyor to have because they have to interact with the internal and external employees which are working on the project. For example, the QS has to have a formal relationship with the client and the architect whilst managing affairs on site. It is imperative that a positive rapport is built up using verbal communication with suppliers, as this will help to ensure materials are delivered on time, which in turn will assist in the overall project completion. Communication with all parties involved in a contract will be required, as the different parties involved all have the same end-goal; to complete the project. Verbal communication is essential in the day to day life of the QS, speaking face to face with clients, Project Managers and other key figures involved in the project. The QS will also be required to demonstrate his/her verbal communication skills in meetings, interviews and conferences. 3.3 Written communication The written communication will be important from the beginning to the end of any work that need to be carried out and can be either: Email Letter Proposals Contracts Brochures This will begin when a team has been assembled when minutes of the meetings will be taken. Once these notes have been written up into a report they will allow the team to get the relevant information. By having these written down will allow anyone who needs to see the information they will be able to request them. They will also become a permanent record to reference information from. 3.4 IT Skills ICT skills are quickly becoming the foreground of a Quantity Surveyors key skill inventory. The need for computer literacy and a high level of ICT skills has stemmed from the fact that computers are now a large part of how a QS operates. Generally, a QS will produce Bills of Quantities, send emails, write letters and even now, gain measurements from drawings using a computer. Most of these tasks require a satisfactory level of capability regarding ICT, and more of the complex tasks require further extensive knowledge. Ashworth, Hogg and Higgs (2013, p. 14-15) identify and backup the idea for the need of strong ICT skills, by stating that process skills include computer literacy. 3.5 Problem Solving Problem solving is a very important skill required in the role of the QS. Due to the unpredictability of the Construction industry and the works that are carried out on site, the QS will be required to use his knowledge and devise an innovative solution to a problem which arises on site. The QS would be required to sufficiently and effectively identify and examine the problem to find a possible resolution to overcome the situation in order for works on the site to continue to progress towards completion. Demonstrating this skill will help the QS to achieve productivity and targets, as well as meeting key dates within a contract, i.e., Practical Completion, otherwise known as PC. 3.6 Self-management To be successful in the management of yourself, Valchev (2016) states you should be self-confident. The best way to achieve self-confidence is being positive by getting rid of negativity, and be happy with every achievement whether they are big or small, State that you are smart and intelligent and finally talk with other positive people. Valchev (2016) also states that you should be able to manage stress. To achieve your stress levels, you should relax, enjoy yourself, take holidays with people you love, take long walks and have hobbies or do activities you like. You should have excellent organisational skills and can manage your time, which can be achieved by writing lists, make a schedule, prioritize and setting goals, break down large tasks into smaller tasks and balance work and rest and recreation. You should be self-motivated, to achieve this you should make a list of your needs and desires listen to music when working on them and look at different books for inspiration this can expand your thoughts, and you should also have big dreams, live in the present moment, have dreams often and remember everything can be achieved. Lastly you should also have a healthy lifestyle and balanced diet. With all of this will help productivity which will make the work go easily.   4.1 On roles and responsibilities of the QS To conclude, Quantity Surveyors, have a vital part to producing efficient work in construction to reduce conflict by securing the most suitable procurement technique is selected, providing effective cost control procedure and ensuring value for money constantly. They minimise the potential lapse by distribution of risk and identifying the value-adding activities in the project. Quantity Surveyors run an extensive choice of skills outside the traditional quantity surveying actions. The extended skills of quantity surveyors will help clients to achieve their needs and expectations. In the current financial predicament, where cash flow and credit are paramount for clients, thus completion of project on specified time and within budget is important especially in the public sector which deal with the large projects and intensive capital. Quantity Surveyors can secure success for projects by the current technical and financial information and hence have vital influence in economic recovery. 4.2 On the importance of key skills development as aspirant quantity surveyors or project managers and future specific recommendations you have for your key skills acquisition and development The key skills that have been identified above; numeracy, verbal communication, written communication, IT skills, problem solving skills and self-management skills are all critical to an aspiring Quantity Surveyor/Project Manager. They are the necessary foundations to a successful career in the Construction industry, as without these crucial skills, a Quantity Surveyor/Project Manager would struggle to perform his or her day-to-day tasks. The development of these key skills is necessary in order to progress and enhance the opportunities available to you throughout your working career. Without the development of these skills, you will not be able to achieve your life goals, which will decrease your confidence and will lead to you having a poorer quality of life. However, if these skills are developed and maintained, your confidence would be boosted and you would live a far more comfortable, fulfilled and higher quality life. References   Ashworth, A., Hogg, K., Higgs, C. (2013) Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor. 13th edn. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Brandon, P. (1990) Quantity Surveying Techniques: New Directions. Oxford. Blackwell Scientific Publications Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (2016) Professional Quantity Surveyor. Available at: http://www.ciqs.org/english/designations-defined-professional-quantity-surveyor (Accessed 16 November 2016). Cartlidge, D. (2013) Quantity Surveyors Pocket Book. 2nd edn. Oxfordshire: Routledge. Manker, A. D. (2016) What Is Written Communication in Business? Definition, Types Examples. Available at: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-written-communication-in-business-definition-types-examples.html (Accessed 19 November 2016). Perera, S., Pearson, J., Dodds, L. (n.d.) Alignment of Professional, Academic and Industrial Development Needs for Quantity Surveyors. Northumbria: Northumbria University. Rahmani, F. (n.d.) Importance of Quantity Surveyors for public sector organisations in the prevaling recession. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/466357/Importance_of_Quantity_Surveyors_for_public_sector_organisations_in_the_prevaling_recession (Accessed 19 November 2016). Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (1998) The APC Requirements and Competencies. London: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Seeley, I. H. (1997) Quantity Surveying Practice. 2nd edn. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Valchev, M. (n.d.) Self-Management Skills | List, Definition, Tips Techniques. Available at: http://www.businessphrases.net/self-management-skills/ (Accessed 19 November 2016). Willmott Dixon (2016) The role of a Quantity Surveyor | Willmott Dixon. Available at: http://www.willmottdixon.co.uk/careers/working-for-us/the-role-of-a-quantity-surveyor (Accessed 16 November 2016). Ashworth, A., Hogg, K., Higgs, C. (2013) Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor. 13th edn. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Brandon, P. (1990) Quantity Surveying Techniques: New Directions. Oxford. Blackwell Scientific Publications Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (2016) Professional Quantity Surveyor. Available at: http://www.ciqs.org/english/designations-defined-professional-quantity-surveyor (Accessed 16 November 2016). Cartlidge, D. (2013) Quantity Surveyors Pocket Book. 2nd edn. Oxfordshire: Routledge. Manker, A. D. (2016) What Is Written Communication in Business? Definition, Types Examples. Available at: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-written-communication-in-business-definition-types-examples.html (Accessed 19 November 2016). Perera, S., Pearson, J., Dodds, L. (n.d.) Alignment of Professional, Academic and Industrial Development Needs for Quantity Surveyors. Northumbria: Northumbria University. Rahmani, F. (n.d.) Importance of Quantity Surveyors for public sector organisations in the prevaling recession. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/466357/Importance_of_Quantity_Surveyors_for_public_sector_organisations_in_the_prevaling_recession (Accessed 19 November 2016). Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (1998) The APC Requirements and Competencies. London: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Seeley, I. H. (1997) Quantity Surveying Practice. 2nd edn. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Valchev, M. (n.d.) Self-Management Skills | List, Definition, Tips Techniques. Available at: http://www.businessphrases.net/self-management-skills/ (Accessed 19 November 2016). Willmott Dixon (2016) The role of a Quantity Surveyor | Willmott Dixon. Available at: http://www.willmottdixon.co.uk/careers/working-for-us/the-role-of-a-quantity-surveyor (Accessed 16 November 2016). List of appendices Group Diary Evidence Group Diary Date Activity Actions agreed Type of evidence 21 Oct 2016 Message from Matt Meeting Message print-out (see Figure 1 in Appendix 2) 27 Oct 2016 Email to the two members Template of the report Screenshot (see Figure 2 in Appendix 2) 01 Nov 2016 Email to Jeannette from Matt Revised template Screenshot (see Figure 3 in Appendix 2) 15 Nov 2016 Message from Matt Rearranging some of the report and organise a meet-up for the next day Screenshot (see Figure 4 in Appendix 2) 24 Nov 2016 Message to Mo Requesting work Screenshot (see Figure 5 in Appendix 2) 30 Nov 2016 Email to Matt Dropbox invite with the assignment Screenshot (see Figure 6 in Appendix 2) Evidence Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 (snippet of conversation from WhatsApp) Figure 5 Figure 6 (emails to Matt)

The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard Times Essay -- Ballet Economy Economi

The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard Times Visions of the Sugar Plum Fairy may be dancing in some people’s heads for this up-coming Christmas season, but for the Boston Ballet, a non-profit organization, these visions are being high kicked out of the way by the Radio City Rockettes, who will be replacing the Nutcracker at the Wang Theatre in the 2004 season. With the poor economy that has engulfed the nation, many non-profit organizations in the Boston area are feeling a financial burden, most recently the Boston Ballet. The ballet, which is famous for its annual Christmas production of the Nutcracker, faced a $3.5 million budget cut this year, in addition to losing their space to the Rockettes and having to find a new home for next year. One ballet board member told The Boston Herald that the Nutcracker is leaving because attendance has â€Å"been a drain for some time and people are tired of it. The attendance has been falling like a rock year after year.† Despite the Boston Ballet’s recent bad fortune, many non-profit organizations in this area admit that they have seen a drop within the past couple of years, but say they are back on their feet again as far as donations and attendance. One major non-profit organization, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, or BSO, said despite the poor economy they continue their mission, which, according the their website www.bso.org, is â€Å"to increase the understanding and enjoyment of music by creating performances and by providing educational and training programs at the highest level of excellence.† The BSO admits that while they have seen some drops in donations as well as attendance, it does seem to be leveling off. â€Å"The poor economy has absolutely caused a problem as far as attendance a... ...ttract student discounts, and I think I will look into getting one for myself,† said Galanter. The success of the MFA is closely tied to the quality of its exhibits. â€Å"We currently have Rembrandt's Journey on view. Our next major exhibition is Gauguin Tahiti which opens in February,† said Petruccelli. Our cultural neighbors struggled somewhat because of the poor economy. However, these non-profit organizations have fared well in these hard times, both in terms of income and assets, and have since been recovering strongly enough that meeting their financial goals in the future seems promising. For the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Huntington Theatre Company, and the Museum of Fine arts, the worst is behind them, and they are optimistic about their future. The Boston Ballet, on the other hand, has yet to finalize a home for the 2004 production of the Nutcracker.

Home Schooling is Seldom Done at Home! :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

My Home Schooling is Seldom Done at Home! I am writing this essay in the hope of answering two questions that you might have for anyone who studies at home: why do I homeschool and how do I do it? Â   After graduating from the Antioch School, a private alternative school connected with Antioch College, I decided to spend my seventh grade year at Ridgewood, a private prep school. This was instead of going on the the Yellow Springs Junior High like most of my friends. I chose Ridgewood primarily for one reason: the students. They were happy, lively, accepting, and seemed very interested in their work. Â   Although I received very good grades, and did very well academically at Ridgewood, I found that my learning was very controlled and prescribed. At the Antioch School I had always been encouraged to take charge of my own learning. But at Ridgewood everyone was expected to move along with everyone else, plodding at a universal pace that was too fast for some and infinitely too slow for others. It was expected that we would accommodate our learning for the good of the class; no one was allowed to move out of the mundane rhythm and learn for themselves. Our minds were not our property, they belonged to a communal brain bank and no one could make a withdrawal without their other classmates taking out the exact same amount. For example, although grammar had always been very easy for me, I was still often expected to complete four grammar assignments per night along with everyone else in the class, whether or not I needed them. I often found I did not have the time for my own interests or m y own learning. Â   I left Ridgewood with a firm idea in my head: I was not going back the next year; I was going to homeschool. My parents and I had discussed this at length during the second half of my seventh grade year. There was so much I wanted to do, so many things I wanted to accomplish that I knew would not be possible if I remained at Ridgewood. So, that last day, after saying farewell to my friends and telling them I would not be returning the next year, I finally started to live my life. Â   That first year of homeschool was filled with such an incredible sense of elation.

Candide in El Dorado

The Meaning of El Dorado and its contrast with the rest of the world: El Dorado appears to be the perfect utopia, for others it represents an unrealistic place to live. For Voltaire this world meant his entire desire and dream about the perfect society. Many critics note that El Dorado is only a huge extravaganza because it consisted of contradictory statements. The meaning of El Dorado is a vision of the perfect society and represents a false paradise impossible to attain or approach by the destructive human nature.El Dorado contrasts with the rest of the world because at the time Candide was written by Voltaire He lived in one important periods of the humanity, â€Å"The enlightenment†. Around him, he saw many injustices perpetrated by the principle institutions that lead the society at that time. The own desire of Candide to leave El Dorado was imposed by something that he knew; In El Dorado, everybody seems to be equal and a fortune in El Dorado means nothing compare to a fortune in the world where they came from.Furthermore, he needed to recover Miss Cunegonde. The superiority and the economic power that he will gain with the fortune from El Dorado will help him to get her back. Some aspects of El Dorado appear very attractive. The deistic religion that the old man describes, the obvious economic supremacy, the egalitarian practices of the king and the absence of public encounters seem to be the perfect society to emulate. El Dorado is the perfect society for Voltaire but the real thrust is that a perfect society like El Dorado is really hard to attain.The excessive exaggeration that Voltaire expresses in Candide makes some critics to think. Why if Candide always looked for the perfect world describes by his mentor Pangloss him and his servant didn’t remain in El Dorado. The answer described for many is that the Perfect Utopia lack of the reality. Shanley and Stillman point out that Voltaire makes constant use of exaggeration to suggest the e xcess of El Dorado: Building reach to clouds. The portal of the king’s palace is 220 feet high and 100 feet wide.Food served at the inn includes a 200-pound condor, 300 colibri hummingbirds on one platter and 600 hummingbirds on another. Such exaggerated sizes appear ludicrous; they also contrast sharply with Voltaire’s initial statement that the country is cultivated for pleasure as well as for need and that â€Å"everywhere the useful is attractive. † As we can see the exaggeration by Voltaire has no limit and in a real world probably cannot exist with such excess. The visions of El Dorado of a perfect society contrast because there are extreme inequalities.For instance, Candide and Cacambo talk to the old man, and this give them a carriage with twelve servants that indicate an exaggeration and also indicate the different social inequalities, if everybody is equal why does a man has many servant. On the other hand, the destructive human nature would never coex ist in a perfect world such as El Dorado. All life beings in the nature lacks of common sense. This is evident in the nature of animals. They fight for their territory and tries to be superior in any aspect of its life.Moreover, Shanley and Stillman believe that El Dorado contains many serious defects. These defects are marked by an irrelevant economic and social inequality, material extravaganza, and stunted human emotional and intellectual capabilities. They also state it is neither a completely good society nor one that human beings can recreate elsewhere. Subsequently, El Dorado seems to be the perfect place to live despite the critics for many authors. However, El Dorado is a very straight critic to the society in which Voltaire lived.The real society in which Voltaire lived is composed for many institutions that he attacks in various opportunities such as the church and the monarchy. For example, when Candide arrived to El Dorado and he sees that all the people believe in the same thing and there’s not a priest, no hierarchy, and all the people are equal. That’s a good strike from Voltaire to the church claiming that everybody must be equal. According with Dalnekoff, â€Å"El Dorado is a foil to the societies through which Candide has passed and will pass where the inquisition imposes a reign of terror, and poverty, corruption and oppression are everywhere to be found. (Utopia and Satire)In contrast of El Dorado with the contemporary system, we found that in the contemporary system much oppression and abuses have been committed and in El Dorado the inhabitants are very virtuous; they were a society with absence of many institutions. A very questionable point in Candide and his extraordinary optimism is why if he believes that everything obeys a divine pattern and all is for the best, why didn’t he remain in El Dorado?. Dalknekoff states that the motives given by Candide for departing are hardly worthy of commendation.His desire to b e richer than all those around him is certainly deplorable. (‘Impossible dream) As Dalknekoff said, motives that move all human beings are money and the desire for superiority. Moreover, Shanley and Stillman endorse Candide; who States â€Å"If we stay here, we shall only be like others†. If they leave, they can be powerful and wealthy. They can boast of their travels, and Candide can recover Cunegonde. In accordance with the authors above Candide’s motives to leave El Dorado are typical human motives.Now beside the fact that all human beings are always seeking fortune and good position of high status, we found another important element: the love for his dear Cunegonde. The love factor is a prominent aspect that can force a human to leave a perfect society like El Dorado. El Dorado seems to be the perfect place with an extremely beauty in all aspect. Candide had an extremely urge to leave this exotic paradise because he wants to reunite with his love Miss cunengo nde who was about to get married with another man.All the riches of El Dorado it wasn’t enough to attach Candide to El Dorado. On the other hand, Dalkenoff claims to stay in El Dorado would mean to escape from the evils of the real world rather than to face and deal with them. It is not in man’s imperfect nature to find happiness in such a perfect society; the best of all possible worlds is not being suites to man as he is. (Utopia and Satire) In accordance with Dalkenoff the human nature is moved by the everyday challenges and such perfection doesn’t look to be very attractive for Candide.After stayed thirty days in El Dorado Candide wants to return as soon possible to the extremely defective world outside. The Eldorado stones will only be of value to him in the defective world, where the people were stingy and greedy and they were measured by what they had. The  Stones and beauty of El Dorado oblige to encourage avarice and ambition in Candide, whose only pr evious idea was survive and his love for Miss Cunegonde Voltaire had an idea about the perfect society and he wanted transmit the idea to the principles institutions of his time.At the time Candide was written in 1759 Europe was in the middle of the Enlightenment period: According to Bristow The Enlightenment is the period in the history of western thought and culture, stretching roughly from the mid-decades of the seventeenth century through the eighteenth century, characterized by dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics; these revolutions swept away the medieval world-view and ushered in our modern western world. (Bristow, par. 1)

Hostel Management

Hostel Management Abstract For the past few years the number of educational institutions is increasing rapidly. Thereby the number of hostels is also increasing for the accommodation of the students studying in this institution. And hence there is a lot of strain on the person who are running the hostel and software's are not usually used in this context. This particular project deals with the problems on managing a hostel and avoids the problems which occur when carried manually . Hence to reduce the load on the person handling this.It includes some of the following features. RULES AND REGULATIONS: In this the rules and regulations of the hostels are given in details. HOSTEL FACILITES: In this the details of facilities provided in the hostels are given in details. ACCOMODITY: This deals with the total no. of rooms available with the details of total no. of students accommodating in a room. Here the details of equipment provided are also listed. WARDENS AND TEACHING STAFF DETAILS: It deals with the details of the wardens.Here the details of the teaching staff are also mentioned with details of their mess calculations ,etc. STAFF DETAILS: The staff working in the hostel and their salary calculation,leave,etc can be attained from this section. The existing system of hostel management is done manually which is an ineffective manner. This way of managing the hostels has many limitations. The chances of occurring errors are more. So the records must be accurate, informative and dynamically updated. †¢ TIME CONSUMING †¢ HUMAN ERROR SLOW PROCESS †¢ BACKUP †¢ POOR QUALITY †¢ DATA INCONSISTENCY This is a software created for the purpose of managing all the works of a hostel in a most efficient manner. The project includes all the basic events carried out in a hostel like mess bill calculation, daily voucher etc. The software keeps a close track on the number of inmates, teaching staff, non -teaching staff. Room details and student registration a re also included. The project is a complete software package for hostel management.

Americas Medicare And Medicaid Healthcare Health And Social Care Essay

Health attention costs in the United States exceed 14 per centum of the entire gross domestic merchandise, far more than in any other state. In the twelvemonth 1992 overall costs were approximately $ 838 billion or over $ 3,000 per individual. Equally good as there were about 6,066 infirmaries with 1.14 million beds in the twelvemonth 1992 in the United States. Hospital attention dominates entire wellness attention disbursement in United States.After decennaries of induction long term attention in America is undergoing enormous alteration in response to increasing Medicare and Medicaid expenditures. As the response to the lifting province and federal outgos in America community based wellness attention options are promoted for long term attention over institutional attention. Despite the fact that persons with really serious and relentless psychiatric upsets are over represented in the population of long term attention and consequences into disproportional sum of psychiatric wellness attention cost, every bit good as there is an alarming deficit of attending to the services for the aged individuals with the persistent and serious mental unwellness. About 2 per centum of individuals aged 55 or above in America are enduring from terrible and relentless psychiatric upset and it is assumed to duplicate in following three coming decennaries. Since the current strategy of long term psychiatric attention for the aged individuals with this upset is missing and service proviso is extensively driven by reimbursement policies, community based attention and managed attention is likely to hold profound consequence on this population. The grounds to twenty-four hours provinces that these proposals can cut down the demand of hospital resources but there remains concern about cost effectivity of community attention compared with infirmary attention.However the wellness policy issues of America is been debated in conformity with community based wellness attention for aged persons and the hereafter challenges of supplying psychiatric wellness services to aged population.Although, small attending has been highlighted on the plausible impact of managed attention on the concatenation of aged individuals with relentless and serious psychiatric upsets who have the most demanding long term attention demands. Service NEEDS: Aged persons with serious and relentless psychiatric upsets are denoted in this survey as individuals age 65 and over with perennial or late-onset terrible psychiatric upset with residuary damage. As by and large defined, terrible and repetitive psychiatric upsets includes diagnosings such as delusional upset, schizophrenic disorder, bipolar upset, and recurrent major depression.Elderly grownups who evolve these upsets in early maturity frequently have unequal societal support systems and lesser fiscal resources than those with late-onset unwellness, but both of them portion many similar clinical characteristics and the common demand for long-run mental wellness attention services. However, latest psychiatric wellness services for aged individuals are mostly disconnected and underutilized and do non adequately turn to their long-run mental wellness demands. Overall, deinstitutionalization has left infinite figure of aged individuals with reduced entree to mental wellness attention in both community and institutional long-run attention scenes.Larger proportion of aged grownups with terrible and relentless mental unwellness who stays in the community receive small support from the mental wellness system except for medicine despite continued demand, and those without household attention are at higher hazard of being institutionalized.These factors highlights the pressing demand to specify and advance place and community based options. LONG TERM CARE REFORM: The sudden shrinkage and closing of province infirmaries over the past few decennaries has resulted in â€Å" trans-institutionalization † into attention places of many dependent aged individuals with terrible and relentless psychiatric unwellness. Eighty-nine per centum of all institutionalized these aged individuals reside in attention places. However, assorted tendencies suggest that establishments will play a diminishing function in future systems of long-run mental wellness attention compared with community-based scenes. First, the bulk of older grownups with mental unwellness resides in the community and favour to stay at that place ( Bartels SJ, Levine KJ, Miles KM, et Al, unpublished manuscript, 1999 ) . The more recent cohort of aging individuals with terrible psychiatric unwellness had spent most of their lives in the community instead than institutional scenes. Therefore trans-institutionalization from long-run province infirmary units to care places will go a vanis hing phenomenon. Equally good as the 2nd tendency suggests the diminishing function for establishments is the execution of nursing place reforms under the federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 ( Public Law 100-203 ) , with the purpose of cut downing the use of nursing places for long-run mental wellness attention. This reform ‘s were practiced in response to increased psychiatric admittances to care places after closings of province infirmaries. Last, the lifting outgos for nursing place attention are exciting sudden reforms in policy and reimbursement. They include authorizations by provinces to curtail Medicaid outgos by forestalling the nursing place bed supply and cutting Medicaid reimbursement rates. As the wellness attention system transportations to suit the increasing figure of patients necessitating chronic attention, forthcoming anticipation suggest the greatest success in services will be in home- and community-based scenes.Sudden alterations in the funding and construction of long-run and managed attention are progressing quickly across the provinces, with a practical deficit of attending to the lifting Numberss of aged grownups with serious and relentless mental unwellness who will hold of import service demands. Financing OF MEDICARE AND MEDICAID: Soon, most of the psychiatric wellness and long-term-care services for aged individuals are financed through fee-for-service Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is the federally financed wellness insurance plan, supplying insurance for persons age 65 and above and handicapped persons under age 65. Medicare is composed of two parts: portion 1covers inmate infirmary attention, 60 yearss of skilled nursing place attention, and place wellness and hospice attention. Separate 2 provides reimbursement for outpatient infirmary services and doctors. Among the major limitations in Medicare coverage of the psychiatric wellness services are a needed 50 per centum copayment for psychotherapeutics services, deficit of general outpatient prescription drug coverage, restricts on inpatient psychiatric yearss, and limited or no coverage of important services such as residential attention, reprieve attention and grownup twenty-four hours attention and place wellness attention. Home wellness attention is an of import permutation to institution-based attention. However, merely acute portion of unwellness instead than long-run attention is cover by Medicare. Psychiatric upsets, including dementedness, constitute merely 2.8 per centum of primary diagnosings for place wellness attention. It is likely that place wellness attention for psychiatric upsets will go barely available in future coming old ages as Medicare reform consequences in cutbacks under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. After passage of these reforms, 14 per centum of U.S. place wellness attention bureaus, a sum of 1,355 bureaus, closed in 1998. However, less than 3 per centum of the entire budget of Medicare is spent on mental wellness, with half less than these outgos ( about 1.5 % ) – traveling to psychiatric wellness services for the aged population. Acute hospitalizations consequences to the huge bulk of these outgos. Medicaid is the main insurance company for long-run attention in nursing places and the of import beginning of reimbursement for state-funded services for handicapped persons, including persons with serious and consistent mental unwellness. Since Medicaid is a combined federal and province plan, with provinces paying up to 50 per centum of the cost, provinces have of import discretion in make up one's minding the eligibility standards and sorts of mental wellness services covered. For case, although legion provinces offer coverage of prescription drugs, most have restrictions in the sort of copayments, limited refills, or other restrictions.States may besides implement restrictions on mental wellness attention, including anterior mandate and restriction on the figure of visits to suppliers. Medicaid reimbursement rates average 20 to 30 per centum beneath bing market rates.Restricting the sum and range of services and paying for psychiatric attention at lesser rates than for medical attention create barriers to adequate psychiatric attention for aged patients. In short, the argument between the federal and province authoritiess over the costs of Medicaid, every bit good as the restrictions in Medicare coverage, leave many spreads in insurance coverage for aged grownups.These spreads result in a disintegrated intervention system and critical load in out-of-pocket costs. In add-on, briskly increasing Medicare and Medicaid outgos are ensuing in the impulse to develop schemes that contain costs. The blend of spreads in coverage and service and intensifying costs under a fee-for-service reimbursement construction has resulted in an eruption of managed attention enterprises in America. CARVED-IN AND CARVED-OUT MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: The statement over the finest manner to pull off fiscal hazard and to transport mental wellness services in managed attention has resulted in a scope of theoretical accounts that may be loosely classified into two general classs. In some managed attention establishment, mental wellness attention is straight merged into the bundle of general wellness services that are covered and provided, or carved in. In others it is supported through a contract with a separate forte mental wellness establishment that provides services and accepts the hazard, or carved out. CARVED-IN Agreements: Patron of carved-in mental wellness services argue that this form of attention better integrates both physical and mental wellness attention, reduces barriers to mental wellness attention due to stigma, and is more apt to bring forth cost beginnings and overall nest eggs in usual wellness attention expenditures. These characteristics are specifically of import because aged individuals normally have co morbid medical conditions and take multiple medicines that may impact mental upsets ; they typically avoid forte psychiatric wellness scenes and incur important wellness attention disbursals related to psychiatric symptoms. By and large, carved-in agreements promotes communicating and coaction between medical and psychiatric suppliers suppressing arbitrary differentiations about medical versus psychiatric causes of symptoms and functional issues.Carved-in agreements may be advantageous for the many aged individuals with similar sort of upsets who receive the greater part of their mental wellness attention from primary attention suppliers. Despite the fact that, carved-in agreements are assumed to supply fiscal inducements for incorporate medical and psychiatric wellness services, functional integrating is far from guaranteed. Unfortunately, mental wellness forte services for aged persons tend to be a low precedence in managed wellness attention organisations in comparing with surgical and medical forte services. Mental wellness carve-in agreements may besides be economically hazardous. First, if mental wellness net incomes are carved in as portion of a net income bundle, grounds from private-sector wellness programs reveals that without administered para, insurance companies will offer differential coverage of mental wellness attention.In add-on, if remunerators or suppliers contest for enrollees, a healthy inducement will be to forestall those expected to hold higher costs from psychiatric jobs, such as aged persons with serious and consistent unwellness. Finally, process of seting payments to counterbalance for the increased fiscal hazard of supplying attention to more badly sick enrollees under a capitated payment, known as hazard accommodation, are rather hard to use for psychiatric wellness attention. For case, unless reliable hazard accommodation schemes are developed for complex populations such as aged person with mental unwellness, the capableness for significant losingss is likely to perpetuate the present deficiency of enthusiasm and services for this bad group among managed attention organisations. CARVED-OUT Agreements: In comparing, advocates of carved-out agreements for mental wellness services for aged persons argue that stray systems of funding and services are likely to be superior for individuals with particular mental wellness services. Specifically, they advocate that carved-out mental wellness organisations have advanced proficient cognition, a broader array of services, specialised accomplishments, greater Numberss and assortments of mental wellness suppliers with experience handling terrible mental conditions, and committedness and willingness to supply services to bad populations. In add-on, advocates argue that mental wellness carve-out organisations allows economic systems of graduated table in supplying the comprehensive array of rehabilitative and community support mental wellness services necessary to care for elderly terrible mentally sick individuals in the community. At last, an inducement exists to reinvest nest eggs from any decrease in inmate service usage into advanced outpatient options. Although appropriate surveies are missing, plans utilizing carved-out services for younger persons have by and large reported important cost nest eggs and favourable results. Unfortunately, informations are missing on results and costs for aged individuals with serious mental unwellness in mental wellness carve-outs. From a clinical mentality, the downside of a carve-out agreement is an increased hazard for unfavourable results due to atomization of medical and mental wellness attention services. The possible for these inauspicious results is significantly pronounced for aged individuals, who are frequently taking multiple medicines and who have complex medical upsets. Unsuccessful communicating or deficit of coaction between mental wellness and medical suppliers places the aged individuals at peculiar hazard of medicine, misdiagnosis, interaction, inaccurate premises about medical versus psychiatric causes of symptoms, and ambiguity about whose duty it is to vouch that appropriate community-based services are provided. From a fiscal mentality, foremost and most important, mental wellness carve-out organisations predicts the hazard of supplying services for a specific given population at a set negotiated fee. Downward pressures to incorporate or cut down costs may take into a one-sided decrease in the proportion of the overall wellness attention dollar allocated for mental wellness services. Second, a fiscal inducement exists for medical suppliers to switch and delegate duty for co-morbid conditions to mental wellness suppliers and frailty versa. For case, since the allotments for medical and psychiatric services are fixed and dispersed, it may be in the fiscal attractive force of a medical supplier organisation to inaccurately tie in the cause of a complex medical-psychiatric job to mental unwellness, which would take into unequal attention and switch the cost load to the mental wellness supplier organisation. A 3rd exposure of carve-out agreements is the hardship that they pose in finding the benefits or cost nest eggs of mental wellness services. Increased usage of mental wellness services may look to be more dearly-won in a carve-out agreement. At last, the physical and mental co-morbidity found in aged grownups with serious and relentless mental unwellness may cut down any awaited fiscal advantages of carved-out services. If the mental wellness supplier can non every bit pull off services and costs related with the combination of medical and mental wellness upsets, anticipated nest eggs may non happen. INNOVATIVE PATTERNOF MANAGED LONG TERM CARE: The demand of keeping intensifying outgos of long-run attention while supplying home- and community-based options to institutional attention has been the focal point of s experiments in long-run attention reform, including societal HMOs, the Program for All-Inclusive Care of the Elderly ( PACE ) , and state-managed long-term-care presentations. Initially initiated as a four-site long term attention presentation undertaking in the mid-1980s, societal HMOs are determined to intermix ague attention and long-run attention within a managed attention model. The implicit in plan is to supply both ague and chronic attention net income under a individual organisation at fiscal hazard, based on a postpaid capitation payment pooled from different beginnings including Medicare, Medicaid, and copayments. In comparing, PACE largely pay attending on persons who meet eligibility standards for nursing place attention and suspects high hazard under capitation for all long-term-care services, financed by monthly capitated payments from Medicare and Medicaid. Elite characteristics of the PACE plan include a multidisciplinary squad attack, service proviso in a separate grownup twenty-four hours wellness centre, chronic attention without caps on long-term-care outgos, and everyday one-year wellness showing and preventative attention. These theoretical account plans involves many elements that might be adapted to the demands of aged individuals with rigorous and grim mental unwellness to better future long-run attention for this population, including instance direction and multidisciplinary squads. Imaginative state-initiated managed long-term-care presentations include plans for people dually entitled for Medicaid and Medicare, who are among the premier users of acute and long-run wellness services. This group includes old individuals with serious and consistent mental unwellness. At present, multistate proposals are being constructed to unite Medicaid and Medicare resources under a capitated program that provides a full scope of services, including community-based and institutional ague and long-run attention. These enterprises have the possible to supply comprehensive long-run medical and mental wellness attention through public insurance to a population with high rates of chronic mental and wellness upsets. However, with few exclusions, presently planned proposals do non have mental wellness attention as a nucleus constituent or supplier of services. An alternate system of managed attention with the prospective to supply wide-ranging services is exemplified by a single-payer national wellness attention system. However, statistics from national comparings are assorted. Single-payer wellness attention systems in other states are more likely to function persons with lower incomes and more terrible mental unwellness than in the U.S. , but overall entree to specialty mental wellness services is no better and frequently involves longer waiting periods. Deduction FOR THE FUTURE: How will elder individuals necessitating long-run mental wellness attention menu in an epoch of managed attention? Existing issues reviewed here suggest that there is cause for dismay ; at the same clip, new attacks to funding services hold promise if they are suitably developed and harnessed. However, this sum-up of the literature suggests several specific instructions and steering rules for future theoretical accounts. Integration of mental wellness and medical services: Optimal services for older individuals with terrible and changeless mental unwellness require a close association of primary medical attention and mental wellness services. The high prevalence of medical and cognitive comorbidity in this group necessitates a clinical attack that recognizes the complex mixture of medical and psychiatric upsets and the value of a collaborative medical-psychiatric attack. A array of attacks to incorporating medical and mental wellness attention have been described, but run intoing the demands of persons with serious and changeless mental unwellness is particularly debatable. Promising theoretical accounts of incorporate attention consist of location of medical and mental wellness suppliers at the same site, multidisciplinary medical-psychiatric intervention squads, proviso of primary attention in mental wellness clinics, proviso of specialised mental wellness services in primary attention clinics, and cross-trained medical-psychiatric suppliers. The cardinal clinical topic here is the formation of a collaborative attention theoretical account across medical and mental wellness suppliers, of whether the services are financially incorporate ( carved in ) or separate ( carved out ) . For illustration, the literature describes booming theoretical accounts of community-based mental wellness services that include a primary wellness attention supplier as an built-in portion of a mental wellness outreach squad for senior grownups with terrible and relentless mental unwellness ( Levine KJ, Bartels SJ, unpublished manuscript, 1999 ) and the development of an associated primary attention medical clinic specifically for persons with terrible and changeless mental unwellness. Integration of specialised services and community-based attention Rising systems of community-based long-run attention across the provinces promise to supply many indispensable supports and services indispensable to keep frail aged individuals with several medical upsets in place scenes. These theoretical accounts of home- and community-based long-run attention offer advanced attacks to supplying medical and societal services to elder individuals, yet by and large do non include specialised services for long-run mental wellness attention of individuals with serious and continual mental unwellness. To undertake these demands, such plans will necessitate to spouse with specialised geropsychiatric and community support services. Although empirical informations are missing, a restricted descriptive literature suggests that theoretical account plans must hold specific clinical constituents to successfully keep senior grownups with terrible and continual mental unwellness in the community. These constituents consist of intensive instance direction, general medical attention, 24-hour crisis engagement, home-based mental wellness attention, residential and household support services, caregiver preparation, multidisciplinary squads, active instance determination and outreach, and psychosocial rehabilitation ( Levine KJ, Bartels SJ, unpublished manuscript, 1999 ) . Descriptions of results for these plans suggest that with sufficient supports, the bulk of senior individuals with terrible and continual mental unwellness can be maintained in the community at lower cost than in establishments and with equal or enhanced quality of life. Blended funding and seting for unwellness badness The greatest challenge to run intoing the long-term-care demands of the increasing Numberss of aging individuals with terrible mental unwellness will be fiscal. Predictions of the bankruptcy of the Medicare trust fund and current projections for Medicaid expenditures require advanced and resourceful usage of these and other fiscal resources. Meeting the complex long-run medical and mental wellness attention demands of senior individuals with terrible and continual mental unwellness under fee-for-service support will necessitate originative pooling of resources, including Medicare, Medicaid, and funding for aging services under federal and province block grant plans, every bit good as private insurance and limited personal financess. However, even with these steps, in the deficiency of singular reforms in the funding of wellness and long-run attention for senior individuals, financess may be deficient. Capitated attention agreements may be necessary to incorporate costs and to promote usage of the most cost-efficient services. A major aspiration of financing long-run attention will be the reallocation of outgos to back up the development of home- and community-based options. The most striving theoretical accounts of forming and funding services for open populations of senior individuals provide integrated services under a individual system responsible for both acute and long-run attention. PACE, societal HMOs, and province proposals for senior individuals who are dually suited for Medicare and Medicaid blend these beginnings of support to make systems of acute and long-run attention. All of these attacks portion the common purpose of redeploying financess from current dearly-won nursing place attention and hospital-based attention to supported community options. The end of such plans is to intermix these fiscal resources under capitation with an accent on back uping the least restrictive and least dearly-won long-term-care services. Managed attention plans functioning senior individuals with terrible and changeless mental unwellness will necessitate to integrate hazard accommodation schemes that account for the significant costs associated with combined hazards of older age, long-run mental disablement, and medical comorbidity. For case, current reforms under the 1997 Balanced Budget Act include programs to finally associate Medicare capitation rates to wellness position through risk-adjusted payments. Guaranting answerability, protagonism, and results At last, it is of import to admit that senior individuals with terrible and changeless mental unwellness typify the most complex, susceptible, resource-poor, and bad long-term-care patients. Service organisations that presume the fiscal hazard for ague and long-run psychiatric and medical attention will necessitate to be suitably reimbursed and held responsible for quality of attention. In the absence of mechanisms to finance these services, adjust for hazard, and step results, managed attention agreements will be in struggle with the ends of supplying high-quality attention for senior individuals with terrible and continual mental unwellness. Decision: We have no simple replies to the inquiry of how to outdo organize, finance, and present mental wellness and long-term-care services to elder individuals with terrible and continual mental unwellness. The integrated funding and organisation of services promised in germinating theoretical accounts of managed long-run attention offer the possible to eliminate atomization and inefficiencies and to make a much-needed continuum of medical, mental wellness, and societal support services. 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